Divergence of Primary Cognate B- and T-Cell Proliferative Responses to Subcutaneous and Intravenous Immunization with Virus-Like Particles

Divergence of Primary Cognate B- and T-Cell Proliferative Responses to Subcutaneous and Intravenous Immunization with Virus-Like Particles

A major advantage of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines against HIV is their structural identity to wild-type viruses, ensuring that antigen-specific B-cells encounter the envelope protein in its natural conformation. For the induction of affinity-matured antibodies, the B-cells must also obtain help from T-cells that are restricted by linear epitopes. Using B- and T-cell transgenic mouse model...

Investigating Cytotoxic T cell Responses to RHDV Virus-like particles

Kinetics of Primary and Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection: Granzyme B Mediated CTL Activity

Background: Herpes simplex virus type 1 is one of the most common viruses among human population. Studies demonstrate the essential role of cell mediated immunity, especially CD8+ T cells, in prevention and clearance of HSV1. Objective: It is of great importance to improve our knowledge about the kinetics of CTL responses to primary and secondary HSV-1 infection. Methods: Using a sensitive tech...

a comparison of teachers and supervisors, with respect to teacher efficacy and reflection

supervisors play an undeniable role in training teachers, before starting their professional experience by preparing them, at the initial years of their teaching by checking their work within the proper framework, and later on during their teaching by assessing their progress. but surprisingly, exploring their attributes, professional demands, and qualifications has remained a neglected theme i...

Human metapneumovirus virus-like particles induce protective B and T cell responses in a mouse model.

UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, children, and the elderly worldwide, yet no licensed vaccines exist. Live-attenuated vaccines present safety challenges, and protein subunit vaccines induce primarily antibody responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive alternative vaccine approach because of reduced safety concerns compar...